reproduces the error every time on my machine. Holding C-g for a couple of seconds fixes the problem. Also Esc Esc Esc still works. Even C-S-g works, even though describe-key translates it to C-g. I really think this might be a problem with Ubuntu Unity somehow rebinding or blocking C-g.
Using toogle-debug-on-quit with my normal config, I was able to trigger
Debugger entered--Lisp error: (quit)
without any further info or
Debugger entered--Lisp error: (quit)
read-event(nil t 2)
sit-for(2)
execute-extended-command(nil "toggle-debug-on-quit" nil)
funcall-interactively(execute-extended-command nil "toggle-debug-on-quit" nil)
call-interactively(execute-extended-command nil nil)
command-execute(execute-extended-command)
This was NOT reproducible with `emacs -Q`, though.